El estudio de casos como técnica de mejora docente en la asignatura de Taller de Arquitectura 6

Esta aportación pretende mostrar los resultados de aplicar un Ciclo de Mejora Docente (CMD) en la asignatura de Taller de Arquitectura 6 del Grado en Fundamentos de Arquitectura. Dicha asignatura se imparte en el segundo cuatrimestre del cuarto curso de la titulación. Posee un carácter multidisciplinar puesto que es impartida por seis profesores de diferentes disciplinas, que se agrupar para aportar su visión sobre un mismo proyecto de arquitectura que deben realizar los alumnos en grupos de un máximo de tres componentes. El descriptor de esta asignatura es la rehabilitación y por ello se les ha solicitado a los alumnos proponer una intervención en el antiguo Pósito de la Corredera de Córdoba como trabajo de curso. Teniendo en cuenta todos estos aspectos, el CMD propuesto pretende emplear la técnica del estudio de casos como herramienta para dotar a los estudiantes de referencias que les ayuden a abordar sus propios proyectos

Characterisation of recycled ceramic mortars for use in prefabricated beam-filling pieces in structural floors

This study analyses a procedure to manufacture mortars with different percentages of ceramic waste as partial replacement for aggregates. The study also examines the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the new mortars, analysing substitution ratios that range from 10% to 50%. Prior to this, all the materials used in the production of the mortar were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluorescence (XRF). The objective was to determine the similarity between different types of ceramic waste, as well as the differences in the minerology and chemical composition with the aggregate. The results of the study show that it is possible to obtain mortars with lower densities compared to the same product with no recycled content. The product’s characteristics make it ideal for the manufacture of prefabricated components for structural floors for rehabilitation works. Finally, the pieces are used in a real rehabilitation case study, highlightining the structural advantages.Caracterización de morteros con cerámica reciclada y su uso en piezas prefabicadas para entrevigado de forjados. Este trabajo analiza morteros con diferentes porcentajes de cerámica reciclada como sustituto parcial de la arena. Además el estudio examina las propiedades físicas, químicas y mecánicas de los nuevos morteros, empleando diferentes porcentajes de sustitución (10% - 50%). Con anterioridad, se caracterizaron todos los materiales empleados en este trabajo mediante difracción y fluorescencia de rayos-X. El objetivo fue determinar las diferencias y similitudes en la composición química y mineralógica de los distintos tipos de residuos cerámicos y del resto de áridos utilizados. Los resultados muestran que es posible obtener morteros con menor densidad frente a las muestras sin contenido reciclado. Sus características los hacen idóneos para la creación de piezas prefabricadas de entrevigado para rehabilitación de forjados. Finalmente. Las piezas se usaron en un caso de estudio real, destacando las ventajas estructurales que conlleva su uso

Impact of Wetting–Drying Cycles on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Wood Waste–Gypsum Composites

Large amounts of wood waste are generated each year in the world. In an attempt to identify a good recovery option for those residues, wood waste from construction and demolition works were used as raw materials in gypsum plasters. However, wood is a biodegradable material which implies that the products or materials that contain it are susceptible to su ering an important deterioration, due to exposure in certain environments. For that reason, the aim of this work was to simulate the e ects that, in the long term, the atmospheric exposure of wood waste–gypsum composites would have. To do that, the plasters were subjected to 5, 10, and 15 wetting–drying cycles in a climatic chamber. In this study, the density, flexural and compressive strength, and ultrasonic velocity of these composites were determined by the influence of the aging process on their mechanical properties. Furthermore, in order to detect changes on their internal structure, scanning electron microscopy tests (SEM) were used. The results showed that they were suitable to be used as indoor coverings of buildings. However, a treatment to reduce the moisture absorption of the wood waste must be studied if mixtures with high percentages of wood shavings (WS20) are used in wet rooms

Reuse of CD and DVD wastes as reinforcement in Gypsum Plaster Plates

The continuous and rapid evolution in the field of computing, and in particular in the field of storage devices, has led to the obsolescence of optical discs in favour of mass storage devices.In that sense, a large number of CDs and DVDs become obsolete each day in the world. In trying to create a recovery solution for those pieces, research in which polycarbonate (PC) waste from recycled discs have been used to develop new gypsum coating materials and products has beenconducted. In a previous study, the physical and mechanical properties of new gypsum plasters, with PC waste as aggregate, were studied. Following that study, this article aims at creating new gypsum plaster false ceiling plates, using CD and DVD residues in different scenarios: as crushed aggregatein the gypsum matrix, as full reinforcement pieces of the plates and as a combination of both. The mechanical behaviour and the thermal conductivity of the new pieces have been analysed in this paper. The results showed an important improvement in the mechanical and thermal properties ofthe plates when the PC waste was used in many scenario

Wastes and Resources: Study of the Viability of the Recycling of Wastes in Constructive Applications. Development of Gypsum Products for Coverings with Plastic and Wood Residues

Actualmente nos encontramos en una situación de crisis medioambiental de múltiples dimensiones dentro del sector de la construcción. Los edificios construidos son causa directa de contaminación, produciendo residuos y siendo consumidores de una gran cantidad de energía. En este sentido, se potencia el uso de residuos en la generación de nuevos materiales. Sin embargo, a pesar del alto potencial de valorización de los residuos, la normativa que permite la implementación de dichos residuos en la producción de nuevos materiales y componentes para la construcción es escasa y restrictiva. Con todo ello, el principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es avanzar en el estudio de la viabilidad y caracterización de nuevos materiales con base de yeso que incorporen residuos plásticos y de madera. Este objetivo se plantea con dos vertientes: la generación y caracterización de los nuevos materiales con prestaciones mejoradas (ligereza, comportamiento térmico y acústico, etc.) y en segundo lugar, su incorporación en edificación a través de productos, evaluando las posibles mejoras acústicas, térmicas y/o medioambientales de las soluciones aportadas según los casos. En el primero de los bloques se analizó la influencia de residuos de madera, en forma de serrín y virutas, procedentes de la demolición de forjados de viviendas, en mezclas de yeso. Se observó que se pudo aportar hasta un 40% en peso de residuo (sobre el total de yeso empleado) alcanzando los valores mínimos de resistencia establecidos por la normativa. Además, la ligereza del material y su comportamiento térmico y acústico mejoraban considerablemente (hasta en un 24%) respecto a los valores de referencia. Así, se elaboraron y caracterizaron placas para falsos techos con propiedades mejoradas, estudiándose también la posible afección que tendrían al ser sometidas a cambios higrotérmicos (cuartos húmedos). El segundo bloque se centra en la reutilización de residuos de policarbonato procedentes del reciclaje de CDs y DVDs en el desarrollo de productos de yeso. Al igual que en bloque anterior, se caracterizó el compuesto para posteriormente desarrollar unas placas de yeso que incorporen dichos desechos. En este caso, no sólo se obtuvo una mejora en la ligereza del material y en su comportamiento térmico, sino que además se alcanzó un incremento de sus capacidades resistentes (23%), para ciertos porcentajes de incorporación, respecto a los valores de control. En la tercera sección se apuesta por trabajar directamente con la matriz de yeso, planteando la posibilidad de sustituir total o parcialmente el yeso comercial por otro reciclado. Se analizan para ello dos tipos de residuos de yeso: por un lado el procedente del proceso de desulfurización de gases en una central térmica (FGD) y por otro el obtenido de los desechos de producción de una planta de elaboración de paneles de yeso laminado. Se estudian los beneficios medioambientales y físico-mecánicos de esta sustitución, verificándose que es posible reutilizar los desechos de producción sin necesidad de someterlos a un proceso de calentamiento previo. Finalmente, se consigue, con el último bloque, la generación de materiales de yeso completamente reciclados (matriz reciclada con agregado plástico) 100% aptos para su uso en construcción. Además de los claros beneficios medioambientales alcanzados, se llega a alcanzar una sustancial mejora en otras propiedades como la ligereza (48%), el comportamiento térmico (44%) o incluso sus capacidades mecánicas (27%) respecto al material de referencia.We are currently in a situation of environmental crisis of multiple dimensions within the construction sector. Buildings are a direct cause of pollution, producing waste and consuming large amounts of energy. In this sense, the use of waste is promoted in the generation of new construction materials. However, despite the high potential for the recovery of waste, the regulations that allow the implementation of those waste in the production of new materials and products for construction is scarce and restrictive. In that sense, the main objective of this PhD dissertation is to advance in the study of the viability and characterization of new gypsum-based materials that incorporate plastic and wood waste. This objective is proposed with two aspects: the generation and characterization of new materials with improved performance (lightness, thermal and acoustic behavior, etc.) and secondly, their incorporation into buildings through products, evaluating possible thermalacoustic improvements and/or environmental impacts of the new solutions. In the first section, the influence of wood residues, in the form of sawdust and wood shavings, from housing demolition works, in plaster mixtures was analysed. It was observed that it was possible to contribute up to 40% by weight of residue (on the total of gypsum used) reaching the minimum strength values established by the regulations. In addition, the lightness of the material and its thermal and acoustic behaviour improved considerably (up to 24%) compared to the reference values. Thus, false ceilings plates with improved properties were elaborated and characterized, also studying the possible damages that they would have when subjected to hygrothermal changes (wet rooms). The second section focuses on the reuse of polycarbonate waste, from recycled CDs and DVDs, in the development of gypsum products. As in the previous part, the composite was characterized to later develop plasterboards made with those materials. In this case, not only an improvement in the lightness of the material and its thermal behavior was obtained, but also an increase in its strength capacities (23%) was achieved for certain percentages of incorporation, with respect to the control values. In the third section, the gypsum-plaster matrix was studied, analysing the possibility of totally or partially replacing the commercial plaster with a recycled one. Two types of gypsum waste were analysed for this: the one obtained from the gas desulfurization process in a thermal power plant (FGD) and another taken from the production waste of a plasterboard manufacturing plant. The environmental and physical-mechanical benefits of this substitution were studied, verifying that it was possible to reuse the production waste without having to subject it to a previous heating process. Finally, in the last part, the generation of a completely recycled plaster material (recycled matrix with plastic aggregate), 100% suitable for its use in construction, was obtained. In addition to the obvious environmental benefits, a substantial improvement in other properties such as lightness (48%), thermal behavior (44%) or even its mechanical capacities (27%) was achieved compared to the reference material

Life cycle assessment of natural and recycled gypsum production in the Spanish context

Spain occupies a very prominent position as a world producer of gypsum. Consequently, the industrial processes are more refined, as the production volumes of the factories are much higher than in other countries. Therefore, the environmental impacts of the production of one ton of gypsum are significantly lower. However, new cleaner alternatives must be studied to promote more sustainable construction. In that sense, this paper aims at studying the environmental assessment of the production of natural and recycled gypsum in the Spanish context. In order to conduct the environmental analysis, a from cradle to gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was carried out, using the Impact 2002 + methodology. All the input data was obtained from a medium-size gypsum manufacturer located in Jaen (Andalusia), one of the best regions in terms of gypsum purity. The results for all the scenarios under study were analyzed separately and compared with previous studies published by other investigators and manufacturers’ reports data. Contrary to most other previous researches, the LCA was performed on the basis of primary data given by the producer, and the regional factors were also taken into account. The results achieved in the LCA showed for the production of recycled gypsum (from plasterboard and powder waste) a significant improvement (more than 40%) in all the impact categories understudy, as compared to the natural gypsum production. Furthermore, the results obtained for the endpoint indicators showed an important reduction (56 and 58%) of the environmental impacts when recycled gypsum production was compared with the natural one. On the other hand, it was reaffirmed that the natural gypsum production process in Spain is less environmentally harmful than in other countries.FPU Program of Spain’sMinistry of Education (FPU15/02939), by the IUACC International-isation Grants of the VI Own Research and Transfer Plan of theUniversity of Seville and by the Czech Science Foundation, underproject No 19-08605

Técnicas complementarias para la caracterización de nuevos materiales constructivos: análisis y revisión

El avance en el desarrollo de nuevos materiales constructivos ha originado la necesidad de emplear nuevas técnicas de ensayos que, hasta ese momento, habían sido utilizadas por otras ramas del conocimiento. Este trabajo pretende hacer un recorrido por diferentes investigaciones que han empleado alguna de estas técnicas para completar la caracterización de los nuevos materiales estudiados, observando en cada caso el alcance y la utilidad del empleo de estos métodos en el campo de la construcción. Se realiza un estudio pormenorizado de algunas de estas técnicas mediante el análisis de investigaciones en las que son empleadas, observando la finalidad de su uso y los resultados conseguidos con el método en cuestión. Para este congreso se realiza una selección de cinco de estas técnicas complementarias (elegidas por su mayor influencia y utilización), que son la Tomografía Computarizada de Rayos-X, Ultrasonidos, Termografía Infrarroja, Difracción por Rayos-X y Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido.Progress in the development of new construction materials has led to employ new esting techniques that have been used by other branches of knowledge. This work tries to make a tour on different investigations that have used some of these techniques to complete the characterization of the new materials studied, observing in each case the scope and usefulness of the use of these methods in the construction field. A detailed study of some of these techniques is performed by analysing the research in which they are used, observing the purpose of their use and the results obtained with the method. For this congress, a selection of five of these complementary techniques (chosen for their greater influence and utilization), which are X-rays computed tomography, ultrasounds, infrared thermography, Xrays Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy, is made